The US and European Union agreed on a hard-fought deal that will see the bloc face 15% tariffs on most of its exports, including automobiles, staving off a trade war that could have delivered a hammer blow to the global economy.
The pact was concluded less than a week before a Friday deadline for President Donald Trump’s higher tariffs to take effect and was quickly praised by several European leaders, including German Chancellor Friedrich Merz and Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni, who called it “sustainable.”
Trump and European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen announced the deal Sunday at his golf club in Turnberry, Scotland, although they didn’t disclose the full details of the pact or release any written materials. The 15% rates will take effect Aug. 1, according to a US official.
“It’s the biggest of all the deals,” Trump said, while von der Leyen added it would bring “stability” and “predictability.”
Futures for the S&P 500 rose 0.4% after the index notched five successive all-time highs last week. Contracts for European stocks gained 1% after the deal and the euro strengthened against the dollar.
“The EU played a bad hand about as well as it could have,” said Stephen Olson, a former US trade negotiator now with the ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute. “The EU sees value in healthy, robust and open North Atlantic trade relations; President Trump does not. That simple dynamic put the EU behind the eight ball throughout the negotiations.”
The deal would leave EU exports facing much higher tariffs than the bloc would charge for imports from the US, with von der Leyen saying the aim is to rebalance a trade surplus with the US. But those kinds of tradeoffs in the agreement angered some European industry groups, with Germany’s main lobby saying it “sends a fatal signal to the closely intertwined economies on both sides of the Atlantic.”
Von der Leyen and Trump also differed on some of the key terms of the deal they announced. The US president said the tariff level would apply to “automobiles and everything else,” but not pharmaceuticals and metals.
The chief of the EU’s executive arm said later at a news conference that the 15% rate would be all inclusive, wouldn’t stack on top of industry-specific tariffs and would cover drugs, chips and cars. Metals duties “will be cut and a quota system will be put in place,” she said.
“We have 15% for pharmaceuticals. Whatever the decision later on is, of the president of the US, how to deal with pharmaceuticals in general globally, that’s on a different sheet of paper,” von der Leyen said, adding that the overall rate “is not to be underestimated but it was the best we could get.”
Senior US officials later said that the two sides agreed on a 15% tariff level for the EU’s pharmaceutical exports. A separate Section 232 probe on pharmaceuticals is still coming over the next three weeks, but the EU tariff level will remain at 15%, the officials added.
The EU agreed to purchase $750 billion in American energy products, invest $600 billion in the US on top of existing expenditures, open up countries’ markets to trade with the US at zero tariffs and purchase “vast amounts” of military equipment, Trump said. Von der Leyen said no decisions have been made on European wine and spirits, but the matter would be sorted out soon.
Key to getting the 15% rate to apply to pharmaceuticals and semiconductors was the bloc’s promise to make US investments, according to people familiar with the matter.
Ahead of the meeting, the EU was expecting a 15% charge on its imports to also apply to most pharmaceuticals. The products had been one of the negotiation’s main sticking points.
Without a deal, Bloomberg Economics estimated that the total US average effective tariff rate would rise to nearly 18% on Aug. 1 from 13.5% under current policies. The new deal brings that number down to 16%.
The deal doesn’t cover the EU’s steel and aluminum exports, which will remain subject to 50% tariffs, according to senior US officials. Aerospace tariffs, meanwhile, will remain at 0% pending the outcome of a Section 232 probe, the officials added.
Officials had discussed terms for a quota system for steel and aluminum imports, which would face a lower import tax below a certain threshold and would be charged the regular 50% rate above it. The EU had also been seeking quotas and a cap on future industry-specific tariffs.
For months, Trump has threatened most of the world with high tariffs with the goal of shrinking US trade deficits. But the prospect of those duties — and Trump’s unpredictable nature — put world capitals on edge. In May, he threatened to impose a 50% duty on nearly all EU goods, adding pressure that accelerated negotiations, before lowering that to 30%.
The transatlantic pact removes a major risk for markets and the global economy — a trade war involving $1.7 trillion worth of cross-border commerce — even though it means European shipments to the US are getting hit with a higher tax at the border.
The goals, Trump said, were more production in the US and wider access for American exporters to the European market. Von der Leyen acknowledged part of the drive behind the talks was a reordering of trade, but cast it as beneficial for both sides.
“The starting point was an imbalance,” von der Leyen said. “We wanted to rebalance the trade we made, and we wanted to do it in a way that trade goes on between the two of us across the Atlantic, because the two biggest economies should have a good trade flow.”
The announcement capped off months of often tense shuttle diplomacy between Brussels and Washington. The two sides appeared close to a deal earlier this month when Trump made his 30% threat.
The EU had prepared to put levies on about €100 billion ($117 billion) — about a third of American exports to the bloc — if a deal wasn’t reached and Trump followed through on his warning.
The EU for weeks indicated a willingness to accept an unbalanced pact involving a reduced rate of around 15%, while seeking relief from levies on industries critical to the European economy. The US president has also imposed 25% duties on cars and double that rate on steel and aluminum, as well as copper.
Not all EU members were pleased with the accord reached on Sunday. France’s junior minister for European affairs, Benjamin Haddad, called the agreement “unbalanced” on social media and said the bloc should activate its anti-coercion instrument, which would allow it to retaliate against US technology companies.
Dutch Minister for Foreign Trade Hanneke Boerma said the deal was “not ideal” and called on the commission to continue negotiations with the US.
Several exporters in Asia, including Indonesia, the Philippines and Japan, have negotiated reciprocal rates between 15% to 20%, and the EU saw Japan’s deal for 15% on autos as a breakthrough worth seeking as well. Washington’s talks also continue with Switzerland, South Korea and Taiwan.
Trump said he is “looking at deals with three or four other countries” but “for the most part” others with smaller economies or less significant trading relationships with the US would receive letters simply setting tariff rates.
Earlier: Trump Says Countries Will Face Tariffs Ranging From 15% to 50%
Trump announced a range of tariffs on almost all US trading partners in April, declaring his intent to revive domestic manufacturing, help pay for a massive tax cut and address economic imbalances he has said are detrimental to US workers. He put them on pause a week later when investors panicked.
Trump’s decades-old complaints about the global trading system heap particularly sharp scorn on the EU, which he has accused of being formed to “screw” the US. The bloc was established in the years following World War II in order to establish economic stability on the continent.
The president has lashed out at non-tariff barriers for American companies to do business across the 27-nation bloc. Those include the EU’s value-added tax, levies on digital services, and safety and environmental regulations.
Weeks of negotiations tested the EU’s willingness to digest what is seen as an asymmetrical outcome, a senior EU diplomat said, but one that offers an opportunity to continue the talks without escalating further.
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