Harry Markowitz published two papers, one in 1952 and the other in 1991. The latter sought to correct misunderstandings that arose from the former. Together they provide a valuable, yet incomplete, architecture for guiding individual investment decisions.
The difference between base (mandatory or essential) and discretionary (voluntary or non- essential) expenses in retirement is fundamental and consequential. Properly making this distinction may be the most important decision in order to use assets efficiently and effectively in retirement income planning.
